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Commissioner of Indian Affairs in April of that year. national football league buffalo bills crocband clog One of the implications of the American recognition of an inherent and continued Indian sovereign status was an acceptance of the right of Indian

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but this increase has occurred largely among the IRA tribal courts, which have almost doubled in number. It is noteworthy that several communities have switched from traditional to tribal courts and a few have done the reverse, national football league buffalo bills crocband clog while most of the growth has arisen through the establishment of new courts that have retaken jurisdiction from the state court systems. These new systems usually have opted for the tribal court model. The number of Courts of Indian Offenses has declined dramatically over the years, with the result that there appear to be only 23 of them currently functioning. It is worth noting, however, that this structure still is chosen sometimes as a starting point for a court system for many tribes.

For example, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana chose a Court of Indian Offenses in 1985 as their first effort at establishing a tribal court. • Tribal Courts. These courts are governed solely by tribal constitutions and tribal codes passed pursuant to the Indian Reorganization Act and any express federal legislation. • Traditional Courts. These continue to exist with the original jurisdiction established by traditional tribal laws, restricted only by express federal legislation. Their orientation is to administer customary laws as supplemented by explicit tribal enactments. The next step was to create a formal court system with a greater semblance of legitimacy as a further civilizing force. A Court of Indian Offenses was established in 1883, again, initially without any legislative foundations from Congress. Indian judges were appointed to the court by local agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and enforced a summary civil and criminal code drafted by the